Relevance in the current rocket propulsion discipline is the status of ducted rockets as an important technology with a high ranking for their capabilities to provide specific thrust in missiles and tactical propulsions. Among the different fuel candidates explored for ducted rocket applications, boron (B) has garnered considerable interest based on its extremely high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, which renders it one of the most prospective metallic fuels for next-generation solid propellant applications. Yet, notwithstanding its theoretical benefits, actual application of boron to propulsion systems is confronted with a serious limitation: the development of a passivating oxide layer (B?O?) on the outer surface of boron particles. The oxide layer serves as a barrier that impairs effective ignition and burning of the underlying boron core, thus lessening the achievable energy release and combustion efficiency.To tackle this problem, the current study examines the use of silver (Ag) nanoparticles as thermal conductivity additives in a boron-loaded hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) matrix. Silver, which has higher thermal conductivity and chemical stability during combustion, is speculated to enhance the local heat transfer environment in the fuel grain, thus speeding up the ignition process of boron particles and improving their overall combustion performance. By enabling speedy energy transfer to the boron cores, silver nanoparticles should prevent the inhibitive effects of the B?O? layer and release the total energetic potential of boron-based propellants.To analyze experimentally the performance of such new solid fuel formulations, a static laboratory-scale ducted rocket motor (DRM) arrangement was utilized in controlled laboratory settings. The research rigorously tested three different fuel grain formulations: pure HTPB (used as a reference baseline), 5% boron-loaded HTPB (HB), and 5% boron-loaded and 1% silver nanoparticle-loaded HTPB (HBA). All formulations underwent severe combustion testing at a constant oxygen flow to maintain steady oxidizer supply and to mimic realistic operating environments.In addition to the combustion experiments, detailed material characterization was carried out with the help of sophisticated analysis methods, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques were both applied to the as-received feed particles (boron, silver, and HTPB) and the condensed combustion products (CCPs) that were recovered after firing. The XRD examination gave valuable information on crystalline phases both before and after the combustion process, whereas SEM images showed morphology alteration, surface roughness, and microstructure transformation during combustion. Combined, the characterization tools imparted good insights into combustion mechanism and role played by the addition of silver as an additive within the fuel system.The main emphasis of this research was the assessment of major combustion parameters, such as regression rate and chamber pressure, which are main indicators of fuel performance in hybrid propulsion systems. The experimental data showed that the boron-HTPB mixture (HB) provided the maximum regression rate among the samples tested, showing an about 10.13% increase over the pure HTPB fuel grain. This improvement highlights the considerable effect of boron addition on the energetic performance of the fuel system. Although the addition of silver nanoparticles (HBA) introduced added complications, the research offers an elemental understanding of how metal additives can affect combustion behavior, heat feedback, and overall fuel regression.To recap, this research provides significant additions to the production of boron-based solid propellant systems for ducted rockets, presenting experiential verification of the efficacious role played by silver nanoparticles as thermal energy promoters. Results have the possibility of guiding eventual fuel formulation initiatives, with prospects of maximizing fuel combustion efficiency, energy release maximum, and optimizing the performance of future solid rocket propulsion technologies.

Jet engine noise, particularly the pervasive jet noise generated during fluid expulsion from the nozzle, presents a significant environmental and community nuisance, especially for populations residing near airports, with peak intensity occurring during take-off. In response to stringent noise regulations, the aviation industry is actively pursuing advanced noise reduction strategies. One highly effective solution being implemented in commercial aircraft is the chevron nozzle. This innovative design operates by introducing small disturbances near the engine's exit, which are hypothesized to disrupt large-scale turbulent mixing. This disruption, in turn, effectively reduces the dominant low-frequency jet mixing noise stemming from large- scale cellular vortices.This research specifically investigates the acoustic performance of N8 and N16 chevron nozzle configurations, directly comparable to those utilized in the Bombardier CRJ900. Our primary objective is to systematically understand the influence of various geometric design parameters on the chevron nozzle's ability to attenuate jet noise from turbofan engines. To achieve this, 3D models of the N8 and N16 designs were meticulously created using SolidWorks, and their acoustic characteristics were subsequently simulated and analyzed through ANSYS-Fluent. This rigorous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach allows for the precise evaluation of how parameters such as the number of chevrons, their penetration depth, and their angle impact the overall noise signature. Our comprehensive acoustic analysis unequivocally demonstrates that the strategic implementation of chevrons is a highly effective method for achieving significant noise suppression in jet engine exhaust. The findings from this detailed comparative analysis are crucial for identifying optimal design elements that contribute most effectively to noise reduction, ultimately contributing to the development of quieter aircraft essential for both environmental sustainability and enhanced community acceptance

The design and material choice of rocket engines' nozzles, which are essential for transforming thermal energy into directed thrust, have a significant impact on their efficiency. Even though they are dependable, traditional metallic nozzles frequently have weight and heat resistance issues when used in harsh environments, especially in high-performance and reusable launch systems. Because of their remarkable mechanical strength at high temperatures, low density, and thermal stability, carbon–carbon (C–C) composites have become a viable substitute. Through a thorough computational analysis and optimization of their aerodynamic and structural performance, this thesis investigates the possibilities of carbon–carbon composite nozzles.Finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are used to model and evaluate a three-dimensional nozzle shape. The interior flow behavior is assessed by the CFD study, which focuses on important variables such shock structures, temperature gradients, pressure distribution, and Mach number. To evaluate the material's reaction to high mechanical and thermal stresses, as well as to replicate launch circumstances, thermal and structural simulations are carried out concurrently. To guarantee a realistic depiction of behavior in the actual world, particular emphasis is paid to the distinct anisotropic characteristics of C–C composites and their layup orientations.The nozzle design is improved using optimization approaches in addition to performance evaluation. To determine the design that provides the most thrust and impulse while preserving structural integrity, parametric studies of the nozzle expansion ratio, throat diameter, and nozzle length are conducted. The advantages of extended nozzle configurations for high-altitude operation are also investigated, drawing inspiration from deployable and altitude-adaptive systems. According to the study's findings, improved carbon–carbon nozzles significantly enhance engine performance, thermal protection, and mass economy when compared to traditional designs.

The utilization of HTPB-based solid fuel formulations in rocket and missile propulsion systems has recently garnered significant attention. Boron, a metalloid with high theoretical energy potential, is commonly used as an active component in solid fuels, often with metal additives to enhance combustion performance. Boron-based HTPB fuels are well-suited for solid fuel ramjets (SFRJ) and ducted rockets (DR). This research aims to study the combustion performance enhancement of B-HTPB based solid fuels, with iron as metal additive in a laboratory-scale hybrid ducted rocket motor (HFDR) incorporating a regenerative mixing design. The expectation is that iron would play a role in enhancing the combustion performance of boron. In this study, the primary focus is on determining the regression rate and chamber pressure achieved in the secondary combustion chamber of the hybrid ducted rocket motor. The addition of iron to the base BHTPB fuel caused an 18.6% drop-in regression rate while increasing the secondary combustor pressure. Other key investigations such as the analysis of composition of condensed combustion products (CCP) and pre- and post-burn grain surface analysis are also carried out in the present study. To determine the percentage residual active boron content, condensed combustion products (burned products) are collected and evaluated using thermogravimetric (TG) equipment. Consequently, the characterization analysis will provide a clear picture of the residual boron present in the burnt product. These experiments provide data on the overall performance of our innovative static hybrid fuel-ducted rocket design, which may be used in missile applications.

This research article explores the role of media, cinema, and literature in fostering professional and vocational development. The study aims to investigate how these forms of expression contribute to skill acquisition, knowledge enhancement, and personal growth, ultimately shaping individuals' professional trajectories. By exploring the impact of media, cinema, and literature on various aspects of professional development, such as skill acquisition, networking, personal branding, and cultural competence, this research highlights the significance of integrating these mediums into educational and training programs. The findings of this research indicate that media, cinema, and literature play a crucial role in skill acquisition and knowledge enhancement. Through exposure to diverse narratives and perspectives, individuals develop critical thinking skills, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. Media literacy skills enable individuals to critically analyse and interpret media messages, while cinema serves as an educational tool that enhances understanding of different cultures and perspectives. Literature, on the other hand, enhances communication skills, including reading comprehension, critical thinking, and verbal expression. The implications of this research are significant for educators, trainers, and policymakers. Integrating media, cinema, and literature into educational and training programs can create a more holistic and enriching learning environment.

Teachers may create a stimulating learning environment where students can develop important intellectual and social skills that will benefit them for the rest of their lives by using the correct teaching strategies. A teacher can assist students with a variety of interests, talents, and learning preferences by implementing one of the available frameworks. To increase your student's chances of succeeding in the classroom, whether you work in the education sector as a teacher or another professional, you might find it helpful to learn about cutting-edge instructional practices. Teaching techniques are approaches that teachers can use to make learning easier and pique students' motivation and interest in the material. Different teaching philosophies include game-based study, differentiated study, lecture-based method, technology-based pedagogy, group and individual study, inquiry-based study, kinesthetic study, game-based study, and expeditionary study. You can enhance your methods by trying out various teaching techniques while presenting the same course, communicating with other educators to acquire their insights, and being flexible. Due to the quick changes in the modern world, the Education System is currently dealing with a wide range of problems. An excellent teaching strategy helps students overcome their preconceptions and motivates them to study by putting them in a situation where they start to believe that they are the ones who come up with the solutions and who are responsible for the change. Professors that are respected both nationally and locally serve as ideal role models for educators who are enthusiastic about effective teaching methods of professional courses, providing them with ideas, insights, and the best teaching methods.(Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism v.4(4); 2016 Oct PMC5065908)

Language is one of the most marked, conspicuous, as well as fundamental characteristics of the faculties of man. Language is a system of sounds, words, patterns, etc., used by humans to communicate thoughts and feelings. Language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing in. The importance of language for man and society cannot be minimized. Language is not only a mode of communication between individuals but also a way for the expression of their personality. Man is remarkably distinguished from animals not only in his use of language but also in his thought process. This use has been termed by Chomsky as “the creative aspect of language; Chomsky suggests that “the normal use of language is innovative, in sense that much of what we say in the course of normal language use is entirely new, not a reception of anything that we have heard before and not even “similar” in “pattern” to sentences or discourse that we have heard in the past” (Chomsky, p.10). Language has its true being in conversation in the exercise and promotion and understanding between peoples. Language should not be a means to impose or transmit my will to another. Above all, language is a living process in which a community of life is lived out. It should be thought that human language as a special and unique living process, in that in linguistic communication, world and human worldview is disclosed. This disclosure, this function of language means that language does not draw attention to itself but transparent to the realities that are manifested through it. Since learning a language is part of our knowledge, it becomes one of the key factors in competitiveness. In the advanced industrial society of today, the basic knowledge of a single or more language has become indispensable.