Frame-Based Knowledge Representation For Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Frame-based knowledge representation has come as a robust paradigm for representing and organizing knowledge in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). Frames as mental constructs facilitate the representation of entities of the world, their char-acteristics, and associations and, thus, are particularly amenable to domain knowledge modeling, student profiles, and teaching tactics modeling in ITS. Developments in frame-based systems have more recently targeted the promotion of adaptability, per-sonalization, and scalability in tutoring systems. Researchers have incorporated frames into machine learning methods, including deep learning and reinforcement learning, to allow for dynamic knowledge updates and real-time adjustment according to stu-dent needs. In addition the integration of frame-based represen-tations with otologies and semantic web technologies enhanced interoperability and reasoning, enabling more precise diagnosis of student misconceptions and adaptive feedback generation. This work has also been investigated in collaborative learning contexts, where frames are used to represent group interactions and collective knowledge construction. In addition, the use of natural language processing (NLP) and frame-based representations has made it possible for ITS to improve comprehension and answer students' questions in natural language more effectively resulting in an enhanced user experience. Challenges persist nonetheless, including addressing the complexity of large-scale frame-based systems as well as making knowledge acquisition and maintenance efficient. This paper summaries the latest work on frame-based knowledge representation in ITS, major innovation, uses, and prospects. Through dealing with these problems, frame-based ITS can advance, providing even better and adaptive learning experiences to learners. © 2025 IEEE.