Adsorbents for the Removal of Fluoride From Water

Extravagant use of fluorides by taking them through water leads to various fluorosis-based diseases or may be a series of fluorosis diseases. So, the removal of excess fluoride from water is a crucial issue globally. There are various methods of defluoridation; among them, adsorption is a widely used and well-studied technology because of its minimalistic design, ease of use, and inexpensive process. in the last decades, different types of defluoridation adsorbents that were developed were derived from industrial wastes and biomass, natural and mineral adsorbents, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and carbon-based adsorbents. To elevate the performances of defluoridation adsorbents and to enhance their strategies, it is highlighted that microstructures, regulating and controlling crystalline phases, premises, and other materials incorporated to form composites are some of the proficient methods that enhance the performances of defluoridation adsorbents. A thorough discussion of the water quality following defluoridation and other affecting factors is provided. Additionally, a description and analysis of the various adsorbents’ fluoride removal methods are provided. The study serves as the basis for a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of various adsorbents, as well as future possibilities and difficulties. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.